水晶百科
Laboratory Tests for Crystals and Gem Materials
Advanced gem analysis · spectra, chemistry, crystal structure, luminescence, and internal imaging Raman · phase identity, inclusions, fillers, coatings FTIR · water, hydroxyl, polymers, defects, treatment UV-Vis-NIR · color-producing ions...
Laboratory Tests for Crystals and Gem Materials
Advanced gem analysis · spectra, chemistry, crystal structure, luminescence, and internal imaging Raman · phase identity, inclusions, fillers, coatings FTIR · water, hydroxyl, polymers, defects, treatment UV-Vis-NIR · color-producing ions...
Frequently Misrepresented Crystals
Frequently misrepresented crystals · material identity, treatment, synthetic origin, imitation, and assembly Quartz color · natural citrine and heat-treated amethyst require different descriptions Porous blue-green materials · dye, polymer, and...
Frequently Misrepresented Crystals
Frequently misrepresented crystals · material identity, treatment, synthetic origin, imitation, and assembly Quartz color · natural citrine and heat-treated amethyst require different descriptions Porous blue-green materials · dye, polymer, and...
Glass, Resin, and Composite Crystal Imitations
Crystal authenticity · manufactured look-alikes, bonded layers, reconstructed material, and artificial matrix Glass · amorphous material shaped, cut, molded, or cast to resemble a gem Resin and plastic · polymers...
Glass, Resin, and Composite Crystal Imitations
Crystal authenticity · manufactured look-alikes, bonded layers, reconstructed material, and artificial matrix Glass · amorphous material shaped, cut, molded, or cast to resemble a gem Resin and plastic · polymers...
Crystal Treatments
Crystal treatments · color, clarity, surface, structure, stability, and disclosure Heat · changes color centers, inclusions, and transparency Dye · enters pores, grain boundaries, drill holes, and fractures Coating ·...
Crystal Treatments
Crystal treatments · color, clarity, surface, structure, stability, and disclosure Heat · changes color centers, inclusions, and transparency Dye · enters pores, grain boundaries, drill holes, and fractures Coating ·...
Crystal Physical and Optical Tests
Crystal authenticity · gemological properties Refractive index and measured density Polarization, birefringence, and pleochroism Spectrum, ultraviolet response, and durability Crystal Authenticity: Physical and Optical Tests Visual inspection finds clues; gemological...
Crystal Physical and Optical Tests
Crystal authenticity · gemological properties Refractive index and measured density Polarization, birefringence, and pleochroism Spectrum, ultraviolet response, and durability Crystal Authenticity: Physical and Optical Tests Visual inspection finds clues; gemological...
Crystal Visual Inspection
Crystal authenticity visual inspection · color, growth, inclusions, surfaces, joins, and moving optical effects First purpose · find evidence and contradictions before testing Best tool · careful rotation under several...
Crystal Visual Inspection
Crystal authenticity visual inspection · color, growth, inclusions, surfaces, joins, and moving optical effects First purpose · find evidence and contradictions before testing Best tool · careful rotation under several...